Abstract: Abundant niobium ore resources are found in China, but they are often characterized by low ore grades and associations with various valuable metals. Economically viable niobium ore resources are considered scarce, and niobium's external dependence in the country exceeds 90%. An analysis of the global niobium resource overview and supply−demand relationships was undertaken. The nature, applications, distribution characteristics, and deposit types of niobium were briefly expounded upon. The progress in niobium ore beneficiation processes, including gravity separation, magnetic separation, flotation, roasting−leaching, and combined processes, was summarized with comparative analysis. Lastly, future research directions in niobium ore processing were outlined, along with strategies for ensuring a stable supply of niobium resources in China.