Abstract: Surface subsidence can seriously affect the deformation of surface buildings and surface cultivated land. Mining under conditions of thick alluvial layers and thin bedrock will intensify the degree of surface deformation. To effectively control surface deformation, conducting research on the principles and methods of surface subsidence control was crucial for ensuring the safety of surface structures. This paper took the Zhaogu No.2 coal mine in Jiaozuo mining area as the engineering background, investigated the characteristics of surface environmental damage, and proposed a surface subsidence control idea based on the source. By controlling the overburden rock layer from breaking or not completely breaking, the control ability of the rock layer over surface deformation can be effectively enhanced. The surface subsidence influence characteristics of the movement of four rock strata under the mining of thick coal seams with deeply buried thin bedrock under different filling rates were explored. The results show that filling mining can effectively control the amount and range of surface subsidence. During the compaction stage of alluvial layers, the filling rate has the best control effect on surface subsidence. The research results can provide a reference for the control of surface subsidence under similar geological conditions.