Abstract: Vanadium−titanium magnetite ore is a vital strategic mineral resource in China, and its efficient recovery is crucial for ensuring the security of titanium resource supply. Selective comminution, as a key approach to improve the liberation characteristics of ilmenite and enhance subsequent separation efficiency, has garnered significant attention in recent years. Focusing on the selective liberation and separation of ilmenite from vanadium−titanium magnetite ores, this paper provides a systematic review of the research progress in selective comminution. It summarizes the differences in physical properties among ilmenite, titanomagnetite, plagioclase, pyroxene, and chlorite, reviews the evolution of selective comminution theories and technologies, and elucidates the correlation mechanisms between comminution product characteristics and subsequent separation efficiency. Special emphasis is placed on analyzing the roles of high−pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) and autogenous/semi−autogenous grinding (AG/SAG) in promoting the preferential liberation of target minerals, minimizing over−grinding, and modifying particle surface properties. The review reveals that selective comminution can enhance the performance of magnetic separation and flotation by controlling crack propagation and interface liberation. Finally, the existing gaps regarding the liberation mechanisms of complex mineral assemblages, the synergistic optimization of comminution and separation, and engineering applications are identified, and future research directions are outlined.