Abstract: Goaf treatment and solid waste recycling are two critical challenges for mine safety production and ecological environment protection. Traditional cement−based filling materials have drawbacks such as high carbon emissions and high costs. As a new type of green, low−carbon cementitious material, geopolymer has good mechanical properties and environmental friendliness, and exhibits broad application prospects in the field of mine backfilling. This paper systematically reviewed the research progress of mine and metallurgical solid waste−based geopolymer applied to mine backfilling, and comprehensively elaborates its raw material composition, preparation process, and key influencing factors. The regulation mechanisms of working performance, mechanical properties, and durability were analyzed in detail. Combined with typical engineering cases, the current application status was discussed. Meanwhile, it analyzes the existing problems in current research, such as large fluctuation of raw material properties and difficulties in cost control, and prospects the development trends including the transition from high−alkali activation to solid waste synergistic self−activation, and the development of data−driven mixture ratio design.