Abstract: To address the pronounced deterioration in the post-peak load-bearing capacity of deep coal mine roadway surrounding rock and the difficulty of maintaining long-term stability using conventional support methods, the No. 7432 working face of Xuzhuang Coal Mine was selected as the engineering case. A comprehensive approach combining theoretical analysis, FLAC^3D numerical simulation, and field monitoring was employed to investigate the instability mechanism of fractured surrounding rock under mining-induced disturbance and to optimize the bolt support parameters. The results indicate that mining disturbance alters the original stress equilibrium of the roadway surrounding rock. From the roadway surface toward the deeper rock mass, the surrounding rock can be divided into a fractured zone, plastic zone, elastic zone, and original stress zone, exhibiting a distinct radial zonation pattern. Increasing the bolt density enhances the confinement and coordinated load-bearing capacity of the fractured rock mass; however, the increase in the strength of the anchored rock mass gradually diminishes. An appropriate increase in bolt length enlarges the effective anchorage range, suppresses the inward propagation of the plastic zone, and reduces bolt displacement, particularly at the anchorage ends. Considering both surrounding-rock control performance and economic efficiency, a medium-density long-bolt support scheme was adopted, consisting of five roof bolts, four bolts on each roadway side, and a bolt length of 2.8 m. Field monitoring showed that, during mining-induced disturbance, roadway deformation and fracture propagation remained within the effective bearing capacity of the anchorage system, while the overall support structure remained stable. These findings provide a reference for bolt parameter design and stability control of post-peak fractured surrounding rock in deep mining roadways.