Abstract: Phosphate rock is not only a kind of chemical mineral raw material, but also an important strategic resource. Under the background of shortage of phosphate rock resources and serious environmental pollution in China, scientific and rational utilization of precious phosphate rock resources is an effective way to solve this problem. Compared with the traditional process, the microbial metallurgy technology has the characteristics of low cost, low energy consumption, simple process and environmental friendliness, and has a broad application prospect in the development of low-grade and refractory mineral resources. The characteristics of phosphate mineral resources in China and the kinds of leaching microorganisms are introduced. Then the leaching characteristics of each strains were compared, and it was found that the medium thermophilic strain had the best leaching effect, and the two-step leaching effect was obviously better than that of one-step leaching. The advantages, development history and research status of bacteria leaching were analyzed, and the action mechanism of bacteria in the process of phosphate ore leaching was introduced in detail. The existing problems and improvement methods of bioleaching were pointed out, and the development prospect of bioleaching technology was prospected.