Abstract: Mineral resources development can make heavy metal pollution on environment. Based on the geochemical data of the actual sampling analysis of water sediments, the temporal and spatial evolution mechanism of the ecological environment impact in a copper mine is studied using GIS technology. Firstly, the spatial distribution of Cu is analyzed by GIS interpolation. Then, through the analysis of the water system profile and small watershed and buffer zone in the mining area, it can be seen that the overall trend of Cu content in the three river sediments increased greatly from 1985 to 2015, making significant impact on the environment of the downstream mining area. The content of Cu in the water sediments of the Wajingou and Haidigou increases first and then decreases from upstream to downstream. This is mainly because the middle reaches is close to the Wajingou mine, and the Cu content increases first and gradually decreases as the distance from the mine increases. The downstream of Jianglanggou is close to the headquarters of the mining area, so the Cu content is gradually increasing. It indicates that the content of Cu in the sediments of the water system is higher near the mining area, which has a greater impact on the environment and will gradually become smaller along the water direction. By mastering these laws, it is possible to analyze the response degree of the mining environment with fewer sampling points in areas consisting higher metal content, thereby saving the cost of sampling and testing to improve economic benefits. Finally, according to the evolution law of pollution distribution generated by mineral resources development, corresponding ecological protection measures are proposed.