Abstract: The exploration of mineral resources is an important economic activity in economic and social development. It will cause damage to the ecological environment and reduce the ecological service function of the environment. To meet the needs of social development for mineral resources and to achieve the sustainable development of the mining industry, it is necessary to establish an ecological compensation mechanism to maintain a positive interaction between resource development and environmental protection. Through the construction of the mechanism, the ecological compensation elements will be reflected in the revenue from resource development, and economic compensation, physical compensation, and functional compensation could be realized to preserve the ecological environment continuously. This paper analyzes and summarizes the characteristics of the ecological compensation activities of mineral resources at home and abroad. Based on the results of previous studies and the characteristics of the administrative system, some suggestions for constructing ecological compensation mechanism of mineral resources exploitation are put forward.